Lithium niobate electro-optical phase modulator (lithium niobate modulator) e pili ana i ka titanium diffusion kaʻina i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka poho hoʻokomo haʻahaʻa, ka bandwidth modulation kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kiʻekiʻe pōʻino mana optical, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mana chirp i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio optical kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio koʻikoʻi, ka hana ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao i nā ʻōnaehana ROF, a me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o Brillouin scattering (SBS) i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio fiber optical analog.