ʻO ka Laser ke kaʻina hana a me ka mea hana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kukuna kukui collimated, monochromatic, coherent ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka radiation stimulated a me ka manaʻo hoʻihoʻi e pono ai. ʻO ke kumu, pono ka hana ʻana o ka laser i ʻekolu mau mea: kahi "resonator," kahi "gain medium," a me kahi "pumping source."
A. Kumumanaʻo
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kūlana neʻe o kahi ʻātoma i nā pae ikehu like ʻole, a i ka wā e neʻe ai ka ʻātoma mai kahi pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe i kahi pae ikehu haʻahaʻa, hoʻokuʻu ia i nā photons o ka ikehu like (i kapa ʻia he radiation spontaneous). Pēlā nō, ke komo kahi photon ma kahi ʻōnaehana pae ikehu a omo ʻia e ia, e hoʻololi ia i ka ʻātoma mai kahi pae ikehu haʻahaʻa i kahi pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe (i kapa ʻia he absorption excited); A laila, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻātoma e neʻe ana i nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe e neʻe i nā pae ikehu haʻahaʻa a hoʻopuka i nā photons (i kapa ʻia he radiation stimulated). ʻAʻole hana ʻia kēia mau neʻe ma ke kaʻawale, akā pinepine ma ka like. Ke hana mākou i kahi kūlana, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka medium kūpono, resonator, lawa ka uila waho, hoʻonui ʻia ka radiation stimulated i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka absorption stimulated, a laila ma ke ʻano laulā, e hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā photons, e hopena ana i ka mālamalama laser.
B. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana
Wahi a ke ʻano hana o ka laser, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka laser i ka laser wai, ka laser kinoea a me ka laser paʻa. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka laser semiconductor maʻamau he ʻano laser paʻa.
C. Ka Hoʻonohonoho ʻana
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lasers he ʻekolu ʻāpana: ʻōnaehana hoʻonāukiuki, mea laser a me ka resonator optical. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonāukiuki nā mea hana e hana i ka ikehu mālamalama, uila a i ʻole kemika. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea hoʻoikaika nui i hoʻohana ʻia he mālamalama, uila a i ʻole ka hopena kemika. ʻO nā mea laser nā mea e hiki ke hana i ka mālamalama laser, e like me nā rubies, ke aniani beryllium, ke kinoea neon, nā semiconductors, nā dyes organik, a pēlā aku. ʻO ke kuleana o ka mana resonance optical ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mālamalama o ka laser output, hoʻoponopono a koho i ka nalu a me ke kuhikuhi o ka laser.
D. Noi
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka laser, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kamaʻilio fiber, ka laser ranging, ka ʻoki ʻana i ka laser, nā mea kaua laser, nā disc laser a pēlā aku.
E. Moʻolelo
I ka makahiki 1958, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo Xiaoluo lāua ʻo Townes i kahi hanana kilokilo: i ka wā i kau ai lākou i ke kukui i hoʻopuka ʻia e ke kukui uila i loko ma luna o kahi kristal honua laha ʻole, e hoʻopuka nā molekala o ke kristal i kahi mālamalama ʻālohilohi, e hui pū mau ana. Wahi a kēia hanana, ua hāpai lākou i ke "kumumanaʻo laser", ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wā e hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ai ka mea e ka ikehu like me ke alapine oscillation kūlohelohe o kāna mau molekala, e hoʻopuka ia i kēia mālamalama ikaika ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale - laser. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā pepa koʻikoʻi no kēia.
Ma hope o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o nā hopena noiʻi a Sciolo lāua ʻo Townes, ua hāpai nā kānaka ʻepekema mai nā ʻāina like ʻole i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua like ʻole, akā ʻaʻole i holomua. Ma Mei 15, 1960, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Mayman, he kanaka ʻepekema ma Hughes Laboratory ma Kaleponi, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi laser me ka nalu o 0.6943 microns, ʻo ia ka laser mua i loaʻa i nā kānaka, a no laila ua lilo ʻo Mayman i kanaka ʻepekema mua ma ka honua e hoʻolauna i nā lasers i ke kahua hana.
Ma Iulai 7, 1960, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Mayman i ka hānau ʻana o ka laser mua o ka honua, ʻo ka hoʻolālā a Mayman ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi paipu flash ikaika kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoulu i nā ʻātoma chromium i loko o kahi kristal ruby, a laila e hana ana i kahi kolamu kukui ʻulaʻula lahilahi loa, ke puhi ʻia i kahi kiko, hiki ke piʻi i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ʻili o ka lā.
Ua hana ʻia ka laser semiconductor e ka ʻepekema Soviet ʻo H.Γ Basov i ka makahiki 1960. ʻO ke ʻano o ka laser semiconductor i haku ʻia me ka papa P, ka papa N a me ka papa hana e hana ana i ka heterojunction pālua. ʻO kona mau ʻano: liʻiliʻi ka nui, kiʻekiʻe ka pono o ka hoʻopili ʻana, wikiwiki ka pane ʻana, kūpono ka nalu a me ka nui me ka nui o ka fiber optical, hiki ke hoʻololi pololei ʻia, maikaʻi ka coherence.
ʻEono, kekahi o nā kuhikuhi noi nui o ka laser
F. Kamaʻilio laser
He mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui e hoʻouna i ka ʻike i kēia lā. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā moku i nā kukui e kamaʻilio ai, a hoʻohana nā kukui kaʻa i ka ʻulaʻula, melemele, a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Akā, ʻo kēia mau ʻano a pau o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui maʻamau hiki ke kaupalena ʻia i nā mamao pōkole. Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻouna pololei i ka ʻike i nā wahi mamao ma o ke kukui, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ke kukui maʻamau, akā e hoʻohana wale i nā lasers.
No laila pehea ʻoe e hāʻawi ai i ka laser? Ua ʻike mākou hiki ke lawe ʻia ka uila ma nā uea keleawe, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke lawe ʻia ka mālamalama ma nā uea metala maʻamau. No kēia hopena, ua hoʻomohala nā kānaka ʻepekema i kahi filament e hiki ke hoʻouna i ka mālamalama, i kapa ʻia ʻo optical fiber, i kapa ʻia ʻo fiber. Hana ʻia ka optical fiber me nā mea aniani kūikawā, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ke anawaena ma mua o ka lauoho kanaka, maʻamau he 50 a 150 microns, a palupalu loa.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kikowaena o loko o ke olonā he kiʻekiʻe ka refractive index o ke aniani optical moakaka, a ʻo ka uhi waho i hana ʻia me ke aniani refractive index haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka plastic. ʻO ia ʻano hana, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka mālamalama ma ke kikowaena o loko, e like me ka wai e kahe ana i mua i loko o ka paipu wai, ka uila i hoʻouna ʻia i mua i loko o ke kaula, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻohe hopena o nā tausani o nā wili a me nā huli. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki i ka uhi haʻahaʻa-refractive index ke pale i ka mālamalama mai ka liki ʻana i waho, e like me ka ʻole o ka paipu wai e kahe a me ka ʻole o ka papa insulation o ke kaula e alakaʻi i ka uila.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka fiber optical e hoʻoponopono i ke ala o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka mālamalama, akā ʻaʻole ia manaʻo e hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia kekahi mālamalama i kahi mamao loa me ia. ʻO ka mālamalama kiʻekiʻe wale nō, ke kala maʻemaʻe, ka laser kuhikuhi maikaʻi, ʻo ia ke kumu kukui kūpono loa e hoʻouna i ka ʻike, ua hoʻokomo ʻia mai kekahi ʻaoʻao o ke fiber, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe pohō a puka mai kekahi ʻaoʻao. No laila, ʻo ke kamaʻilio optical he kamaʻilio laser maoli nō ia, nona nā pono o ka nui o ka mana, ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ʻano, ke kumu ākea o nā mea, ka hūnā ikaika, ka lōʻihi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ua mahalo ʻia e nā ʻepekema he kipi ma ke kahua o ke kamaʻilio ʻana, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā hoʻokō ʻoi loa i ka kipi ʻenehana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-29-2023