Hōʻike ʻo Laser i ke kaʻina hana a me ka mea hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kukui collimated, monochromatic, coherent light ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka radiation amplification a me nā manaʻo kūpono. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, pono ka hana laser i ʻekolu mau mea: he "resonator," he "gain medium," a me kahi "puna puna."
A. Kumu
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano neʻe o ka ʻātoma i nā pae ikehu like ʻole, a i ka wā e hoʻololi ai ka ʻātoma mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i nā kiʻi kiʻi o ka ikehu e pili ana (i kapa ʻia ka radiation spontaneous). Pēlā nō, ke hana ʻia kahi photon ma kahi ʻōnaehana pae ikehu a komo ʻia e ia, e hoʻololi ia i ka atom mai kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe (i kapa ʻia ʻo excited absorption); A laila, e hoʻololi kekahi o nā mana e hoʻololi i nā pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe i nā pae ikehu haʻahaʻa a hoʻokuʻu i nā kiʻi kiʻi (i kapa ʻia ʻo stimulated radiation). ʻAʻole kū kaʻawale kēia mau neʻe ʻana, akā like pinepine. Ke hana mākou i kahi kūlana, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kūpono, resonator, lawa ka māla uila waho, hoʻonui ʻia ka radiation hoʻoulu ʻia i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka absorption i hoʻoulu ʻia, a laila ma ke ʻano nui, e hoʻopuka ʻia nā photons, e hopena i ka kukui laser.
B. Hoʻokaʻawale
Wahi a ka mea hana i ka laser, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka laser i ka laser wai, laser gas a me ka laser paʻa. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka laser semiconductor maʻamau he ʻano laser solid-state.
C. Huina
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā lasers i ʻekolu ʻāpana: ʻōnaehana excitation, mea laser a me ka resonator optical. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hauʻoli nā mea hana e hana i ka ikehu māmā, uila a i ʻole kemika. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mea hoʻoikaika nui i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ka māmā, ka uila a i ʻole ka hopena kemika. ʻO nā mea laser he mau mea hiki ke hana i ka kukui laser, e like me rubies, beryllium glass, neon gas, semiconductors, organic dyes, etc. ʻO ke kuleana o ka mana o ka resonance optical e hoʻonui i ka mālamalama o ka laser output, hoʻoponopono a koho i ka lōʻihi a me ke kuhikuhi. o ka laser.
D. Noi
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Laser, ka nui o ke kamaʻilio fiber, laser ranging, laser cutting, laser weapons, laser disc a pēlā aku.
E. Moolelo
I ka makahiki 1958, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo Xiaoluo lāua ʻo Townes i kahi mea kupanaha: i ka wā e kau ai lākou i ke kukui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka ʻōpuʻu kukui kūloko ma luna o kahi aniani honua laha, e hoʻopuka nā molekala o ke aniani i ka mālamalama ikaika. Wahi a kēia hanana, ua hoʻoholo lākou i ka "laser principle", ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wā e hauʻoli ai ka mea i ka ikehu like me ke alapine oscillation kūlohelohe o kāna mau mole, e hoʻopuka ʻo ia i kēia kukui ikaika ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale - laser. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā pepa koʻikoʻi no kēia.
Ma hope o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o nā hopena noiʻi a Sciolo lāua ʻo Townes, ua noi nā ʻepekema mai nā ʻāina like ʻole i nā papahana hoʻokolohua like ʻole, akā ʻaʻole lākou i kūleʻa. Ma ka lā 15 o Mei, 1960, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Mayman, he kanaka ʻepekema ma Hughes Laboratory ma Kaleponi, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi laser me ka lōʻihi hawewe o 0.6943 microns, ʻo ia ka laser mua loa i loaʻa i nā kānaka, a no laila ua lilo ʻo Mayman i ʻepekema mua ma ka honua. e hoʻokomo i nā lasers i loko o ke kahua hana.
Ma Iulai 7, 1960, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Mayman i ka hānau ʻana o ka laser mua loa o ka honua, ʻo ka manaʻo o Mayman e hoʻohana i kahi paipu uila ikaika nui e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻātoma chromium i loko o kahi aniani ruby, a pēlā e hana ai i kahi kolamu kukui ʻulaʻula lahilahi, ke puhi ʻia. i kekahi manawa, hiki ke piʻi i kahi mahana ma mua o ka ʻili o ka lā.
Ua hoʻokumu ka ʻepekema Soviet H.Γ Basov i ka laser semiconductor i ka makahiki 1960. ʻO ke ʻano o ka laser semiconductor ka mea maʻamau i haku ʻia me ka papa P, ka papa N a me ka papa hana e hana i ka heterojunction pālua. ʻO kona mau hiʻohiʻona: ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana, ka wikiwiki pane wikiwiki, ka lōʻihi o ka nalu a me ka nui kūpono me ka nui o ka fiber optical, hiki ke hoʻololi pololei ʻia, coherence maikaʻi.
ʻEono, kekahi o nā kuhikuhi noi nui o ka laser
F. Hoʻolaha laser
He mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka māmā e hoʻouna i ka ʻike i kēia mau lā. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā moku i nā kukui e kamaʻilio, a hoʻohana nā kukui uila i ka ʻulaʻula, melemele, a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Akā ʻo kēia mau ala āpau o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kukui maʻamau hiki ke kaupalena wale ʻia i nā mamao pōkole. Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻouna pololei i ka ʻike i nā wahi mamao ma o ka mālamalama, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā kukui maʻamau, akā hoʻohana wale i nā lasers.
No laila pehea ʻoe e hāʻawi ai i ka laser? Ua ʻike mākou hiki ke lawe ʻia ka uila ma nā uea keleawe, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke lawe ʻia ka māmā me nā uea metala maʻamau. No kēia hopena, ua hoʻomohala ka poʻe ʻepekema i kahi filament e hiki ke hoʻouna i ka mālamalama, i kapa ʻia ʻo optical fiber, i kapa ʻia he fiber. Hana ʻia ka fiber Optical i nā mea aniani kūikawā, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ke anawaena ma mua o ka lauoho kanaka, maʻamau 50 a 150 microns, a palupalu loa.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kumu o loko o ka fiber he kiʻekiʻe refractive index o ke aniani optical transparent, a ʻo ka uhi waho i hana ʻia me ke aniani kuhikuhi refractive haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka plastic. ʻO ia ʻano hana, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, hiki ke hoʻohuli i ke kukui ma ka ʻaoʻao o loko, e like me ka wai e kahe ana i mua o ka paipu wai, e hoʻouna ʻia ka uila i mua o ka uea, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻohe hopena o nā tausani o nā wili a me nā huli. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka uhi kuhikuhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ke pale aku i ka hū ʻana o ka mālamalama, e like me ka ʻole o ka hū ʻana o ka paipu wai a ʻaʻole e hoʻokele ka uila i ka papa insulation o ka uea.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka fiber optical e hoʻonā i ke ala o ka lawe ʻana i ke kukui, akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo me ia, hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia kekahi kukui i kahi mamao loa. ʻO ka'ōlinolino kiʻekiʻe wale nō, ke kala maʻemaʻe, ka laser alakaʻi maikaʻi, ʻo ia ke kumu kukui maikaʻi loa e hoʻouna i ka ʻike, hoʻokomo ʻia ia mai kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka fiber, aneane ʻaʻohe poho a me ka puka ʻana mai kekahi ʻaoʻao. No laila, ʻo ka kamaʻilio optical ka mea nui o ka kamaʻilio laser, nona nā pōmaikaʻi o ka mana nui, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ākea ākea o nā mea waiwai, hilinaʻi ikaika, lōʻihi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a mahalo ʻia e ka poʻe ʻepekema ma ke ʻano he kipi i ke kahua kamaʻilio, a ʻo ia kekahi ʻo nā mea hoʻokō maikaʻi loa i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-29-2023