ʻO ke kumu hana a me nā ʻano nui o ka laser semiconductor

ʻO ke kumu hana a me nā ʻano nuilaser semiconductor

Mea hoʻokele semiconductorNā diode laser, me ko lākou pono kiʻekiʻe, ka miniaturization a me ke ʻano like ʻole o ka nalu, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana optoelectronic ma nā kahua e like me ke kamaʻilio ʻana, ka mālama ola kino a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻoihana. Hoʻolauna hou kēia ʻatikala i ke kumumanaʻo hana a me nā ʻano o nā lasers semiconductor, kahi mea kūpono no ke koho ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā mea noiʻi optoelectronic.

1. Ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomālamalama o nā lasers semiconductor

Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumumanaʻo luminescence o nā lasers semiconductor ma ke ʻano o ke kāʻei, nā hoʻololi uila a me ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o nā mea semiconductor. ʻO nā mea semiconductor kahi ʻano mea me kahi bandgap, nona kahi kāʻei valence a me kahi kāʻei conduction. Ke noho ka mea ma ke kūlana honua, hoʻopiha nā electrons i ka valence band ʻoiai ʻaʻohe electrons i loko o ka conduction band. Ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi kahua uila ma waho a i ʻole e hoʻokomo ʻia ke au, e neʻe kekahi mau electrons mai ka valence band i ka conduction band, e hana ana i nā hui electron-hole. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ikehu, i ka wā e hoʻoulu ʻia ai kēia mau hui electron-hole e ka honua waho, e hana ʻia nā photons, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā lasers.

2. Nā ʻano hoʻonāukiuki o nā lasers semiconductor

ʻEkolu mau ʻano hoʻonāukiuki no nā lasers semiconductor, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano injection uila, ke ʻano pamu optical a me ke ʻano hoʻonāukiuki kukuna electron ikehu kiʻekiʻe.

Nā lasers semiconductor i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka uila: Ma keʻano laulā, he mau diode semiconductor surface-junction lākou i hana ʻia me nā mea e like me ka gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), indium phosphide (InP), a me ka zinc sulfide (ZnS). Hoʻonāukiuki ʻia lākou ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke au ma ke alo o ka bias, e hoʻoulu ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i hoʻoulu ʻia ma ka ʻāpana mokulele junction.

Nā lasers semiconductor i hoʻopili ʻia i ka optically: Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻohana ʻia nā kristal semiconductor N-type a i ʻole P-type (e like me GaAS, InAs, InSb, etc.) ma ke ʻano he mea hana, a me kalaserHoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻonāukiuki optical i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā lasers ʻē aʻe.

Nā lasers semiconductor i hoʻoulu ʻia e ke kukuna uila kiʻekiʻe: Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻohana pū lākou i nā kristal semiconductor hoʻokahi ʻano N a i ʻole P-type (e like me PbS, CdS, ZhO, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) ma ke ʻano he mea hana a hoʻoulu ʻia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi kukuna uila kiʻekiʻe mai waho. Ma waena o nā mea hana laser semiconductor, ʻo ka mea me ka hana maikaʻi a me ka hoʻohana ākea ʻo ia ka laser diode GaAs i hoʻokomo uila ʻia me kahi heterostructure pālua.

3. Nā ʻano nui o nā lasers semiconductor

ʻO ka ʻĀpana Hana o ka laser semiconductor ka wahi koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana o ka photon a me ka hoʻonui ʻana, a ʻo kona mānoanoa he mau micrometer wale nō. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano waveguide kūloko e kāohi i ka hoʻolaha ʻaoʻao o nā photons a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka ikehu (e like me nā waveguides ridge a me nā heterojunctions i kanu ʻia). Hoʻohana ka laser i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻoheheʻe wela a koho i nā mea conductivity thermal kiʻekiʻe (e like me ke keleawe-tungsten alloy) no ka hoʻolaha wikiwiki ʻana o ka wela, hiki ke pale i ka drift wavelength i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wela nui. Wahi a kā lākou ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona noi, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lasers semiconductor i nā ʻano ʻehā:

Laser Hoʻopuka Lihi (EEL)

Hoʻopuka ʻia ka laser mai ka ʻili ʻokiʻoki ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka chip, e hana ana i kahi kiko elliptical (me kahi kihi divergence o kahi 30° × 10°). ʻO nā nalu maʻamau e komo pū me 808nm (no ka pumping), 980 nm (no ke kamaʻilio ʻana), a me 1550 nm (no ke kamaʻilio fiber). Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻoihana mana kiʻekiʻe, nā kumu pumping laser fiber, a me nā pūnaewele iwi kuamoʻo kamaʻilio optical.

2. Ka Laser Hoʻopuka ʻIli Lua Kū pololei (VCSEL)

Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka laser ma ke ʻano kū pololei i ka ʻili o ka chip, me kahi kukuna poepoe a like (divergence Angle <15°). Hoʻohui ia i kahi mea hoʻomālamalama Bragg i hoʻolaha ʻia (DBR), e hoʻopau ana i ka pono no kahi mea hoʻomālamalama waho. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka ʻike ʻana i ka 3D (e like me ka ʻike maka kelepona paʻalima), ke kamaʻilio optical pōkole (nā kikowaena ʻikepili), a me LiDAR.

3. Kukuna Kuʻuna Kuʻuna (QCL)

Ma muli o ka hoʻololi cascade o nā electrons ma waena o nā Wells quantum, uhi ka nalu i ka pae waena a hiki i ka infrared mamao (3-30 μm), me ka ʻole o ka pono no ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā photons ma o nā hoʻololi intersubband a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi e like me ka ʻike kinoea (e like me ka ʻike ʻana o CO₂), ke kiʻi terahertz, a me ka nānā ʻana i ke kaiapuni.

4. Laser Hoʻololi ʻia

Hiki i ka hoʻolālā lua waho o ka laser tunable (grating/prism/MEMS mirror) ke hoʻokō i kahi laulā hoʻonohonoho nalu o ±50 nm, me kahi linewidth haiki (<100 kHz) a me kahi lakio hōʻole ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe (>50 dB). Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia i nā noi e like me ke kamaʻilio ʻana o ka dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), ka nānā ʻana i ka spectral, a me ke kiʻi biomedical. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lasers Semiconductor i nā mea laser kamaʻilio, nā mea mālama laser kikohoʻe, nā lako hana laser, nā lako hōʻailona laser a me nā lako hoʻopili, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka paʻi ʻana o ka laser, nā lako lapaʻau laser, nā mea ʻike mamao laser a me ke collimation, nā mea hana laser a me nā lako no ka leʻaleʻa a me ka hoʻonaʻauao, nā ʻāpana laser a me nā ʻāpana, a pēlā aku. No nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi lākou o ka ʻoihana laser. Ma muli o kona laulā o nā noi, he nui nā lama a me nā mea hana o nā lasers. I ke koho ʻana, pono e kau ʻia ma luna o nā pono kikoʻī a me nā kahua noi. Loaʻa i nā mea hana like ʻole nā ​​​​​​noi like ʻole ma nā kahua like ʻole, a pono e koho ʻia nā mea hana a me nā lasers e like me ke kahua noi maoli o ka papahana.