Ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana mea nānā kiʻi

ʻAno omea ʻike kiʻihale kūkulu
Mea ʻike kiʻiHe mea ia e hoʻololi i ka hōʻailona optical i ka hōʻailona uila, kona ʻano a me kona ʻano, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻāpana aʻe: ‌
(1) Mea nānā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi
Ke ʻike ʻia nā mea paʻi kiʻi kiʻi i ka mālamalama, hoʻonui ka mea lawe kiʻi kiʻi i ko lākou conductivity a hoʻemi i ko lākou kūʻē. ʻO nā mea lawe i hauʻoli i ka lumi wela e neʻe ma ke ʻano kuhikuhi ma lalo o ka hana a ke kahua uila, a pēlā e hoʻoulu ai i kahi au. Ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka mālamalama, hauʻoli nā electrons a hiki ke hoʻololi. I ka manawa like, neʻe lākou ma lalo o ka hana a kahi kahua uila e hana i kahi photocurrent. ʻO ka hopena o nā mea lawe kiʻi kiʻi e hoʻonui i ka conductivity o ka mea hana a pēlā e hoʻemi ai i ke kū'ē. Hōʻike pinepine nā photodetectors photoconductive i ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka pane nui i ka hana, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pane i nā hōʻailona optical kiʻekiʻe, no laila ua lohi ka wikiwiki o ka pane, e kaupalena ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea hana photoconductive i kekahi mau ʻano.

(2)ʻike kiʻi PN
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka photodetector PN e ka pilina ma waena o nā mea semiconductor P-type a me nā mea semiconductor N-type. Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka pilina, aia nā mea ʻelua i kahi kūlana kaʻawale. ʻO ka pae Fermi i loko o ka semiconductor P-type kokoke i ka lihi o ka hui valence, aʻo ka pae Fermi i loko o ka semiconductor N-type kokoke i ka lihi o ka hui conduction. I ka manawa like, hoʻoneʻe mau ʻia ka pae Fermi o ka mea N-type ma ka lihi o ka hui conduction i lalo a hiki i ka pae Fermi o nā mea ʻelua i ke kūlana like. Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kūlana o ka band conduction and valence band me ka piʻo ʻana o ka band. Aia ka hui PN i ke kaulike a loaʻa ka pae Fermi like ʻole. Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka nānā ʻana i ka lawe ukana, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea lawe uku i nā mea P-type he mau lua, ʻoiai ka hapa nui o nā mea lawe ukana i nā mea N-type he electrons. Ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea ʻelua, ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka lawe ʻana, e hoʻopuehu nā electrons i loko o nā mea ʻano N i ka P-type, aʻo nā electrons i loko o nā mea N-type e hoʻopuehu i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i nā lua. ʻO ka wahi i uku ʻole ʻia i waiho ʻia e ka diffusion o nā electrons a me nā lua e hana i kahi kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia, a ʻo ke kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia e hoʻohuli i ka mea lawe neʻe, a ʻo ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana e kū pono i ke kuhikuhi o ka diffusion, ʻo ia ka mea ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kahua uila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pale i ka laha ʻana o nā mea lawe, a aia nā diffusion a me ka neʻe ʻana i loko o ka hui PN a hiki i ke kaulike ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua, i ʻole ka holo ʻana o ka mea lawe paʻa. Kaulike dynamic kūloko.
Ke ʻike ʻia ka junction PN i ka pāhawewe māmā, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka ikehu o ka photon i ka mea lawe, a ʻo ka mea lawe kiʻi kiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka photogenerated electron-hole pair. Ma lalo o ka hana o ke kahua uila, lele ka electron a me ka lua i ka ʻāina N a me ka ʻāina P, a ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea lawe kiʻi kiʻi e hoʻohua i ka photocurrent. ʻO kēia ke kumu kumu o PN junction photodetector.

(3)ʻike kiʻi PIN
ʻO ke kiʻi kiʻi paʻi kiʻi he mea P-type a me N-type mea ma waena o ka papa I, ʻo ka papa I o ka mea maʻamau he mea intrinsic a haʻahaʻa-doping paha. Ua like kona 'ano hana me ka PN junction, ke 'ike 'ia ka hui 'ana o PIN i ka radiation malamalama, e ho'ololi ka photon i ka ikehu i ka electron, e hana ana i na mea lawe ki'i ki'i, a 'o ke kahua uila o loko a i 'ole ke kahua uila waho e ho'oka'awale i ka puka electron-hole. ʻelua i loko o ka papa hoʻopau, a ʻo nā mea lawe hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hana i kahi au i loko o ke kaapuni waho. ʻO ka hana i pāʻani ʻia e ka papa I ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka laula o ka papa hoʻopau, a ʻo ka papa I e lilo loa i ka papa hoʻopau ma lalo o kahi voli ākea nui, a e hoʻokaʻawale koke ʻia nā pālua electron-hole i hana ʻia, no laila ka wikiwiki o ka pane o ka ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ʻike kiʻi hui PIN ma mua o ka mea ʻike maka PN. ʻO nā mea lawe ma waho o ka papa I e hōʻiliʻili pū ʻia e ka papa depletion ma o ka neʻe diffusion, e hana ana i kahi au diffusion. He lahilahi loa ka mānoanoa o ka papa I, a ʻo kāna kumu e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka wikiwiki o ka pane ʻana o ka mea ʻike.

(4)ʻIke kiʻi APDphotodiode avalanche
ʻO ka mīkini ophotodiode avalancheua like ia me ka hui PN. Hoʻohana ʻo APD photodetector i ka junction PN doped nui, nui ka uila hana e pili ana i ka ʻike APD, a ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi hoʻohuli hoʻohuli nui, e hana ʻia ka collision ionization a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka avalanche i loko o APD, a hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o ka mea ʻike photocurrent. Aia ka APD i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike hope, e ikaika loa ke kahua uila i ka papa hoʻopau, a e hoʻokaʻawale koke ʻia nā mea lawe kiʻi kiʻi i hana ʻia e ka mālamalama a neʻe koke ma lalo o ka hana o ke kahua uila. Aia paha ke kuʻi ʻana o nā electrons i ka lattice i ka wā o kēia kaʻina hana, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā electron i loko o ka lattice. Hoʻopili hou ʻia kēia kaʻina hana, a hui pū nā ionized i loko o ka lattice me ka lattice, e hoʻonui ai i ka helu o nā mea lawe uku i ka APD, e hopena i kahi au nui. ʻO kēia ʻano hana kino kū hoʻokahi i loko o ka APD i loaʻa i nā mea ʻike ma muli o APD nā hiʻohiʻona o ka wikiwiki pane wikiwiki, loaʻa waiwai nui o kēia manawa a me ka naʻau kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka junction PN a me ka hui PIN, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pane ʻana o APD, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka pane ʻana i waena o nā paipu kiʻi kiʻi i kēia manawa.

(5) ʻO Schottky junction photodetector
ʻO ke kumu kumu o ka Schottky junction photodetector he Schottky diode, nona nā hiʻohiʻona uila e like me ko ka hui PN i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, a he unidirectional conductivity me ka hoʻokele maikaʻi a me ka ʻoki hope. Ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi metala me kahi hana hana kiʻekiʻe a me kahi semiconductor me kahi hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pale Schottky, a ʻo ka hui ʻana he hui Schottky. ʻO ke ʻano hana nui he ʻano like me ka junction PN, e lawe ana i nā semiconductor N-type ma ke ʻano he laʻana, i ka wā e hoʻopili ai nā mea ʻelua, ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa electron ʻokoʻa o nā mea ʻelua, e laha nā electrons i ka semiconductor i ka ʻaoʻao metala. ʻO nā electrons diffused e hōʻiliʻili mau ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka metala, pēlā e luku ai i ka neutrality uila mua o ka metala, e hana ana i kahi kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia mai ka semiconductor a i ka metala ma ka ʻili pili, a e neʻe nā electrons ma lalo o ka hana a ka kahua uila i loko, a e hoʻokō ʻia ka diffusion a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea lawe i ka manawa like, ma hope o kahi manawa e hiki ai i ka equilibrium ikaika, a hoʻokumu i kahi hui Schottky. Ma lalo o nā kūlana māmā, hoʻopili pololei ka ʻāina pale i ka mālamalama a hoʻohua i nā lua electron-hole, aʻo nā mea lawe kiʻi kiʻi i loko o ka hui PN pono e hele i ka ʻāpana diffusion a hiki i ka ʻāpana hui. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka junction PN, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pane ʻana o ka photodetector i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Schottky junction, a hiki i ka wikiwiki pane ke hiki i ka pae ns.