ʻAno o ke ʻano o ka hāmeʻa photodetector

ʻAno omea hana ʻike kiʻiʻano hana
Mea ʻike kiʻihe mea hana e hoʻololi i ka hōʻailona optical i hōʻailona uila, ‌ kona ʻano a me kona ʻano like ʻole, ‌ hiki ke puʻunaue nui ʻia i nā ʻano penei: ‌
(1) Mea ʻike kiʻi photoconductive
Ke hōʻike ʻia nā mea lawe photoconductive i ka mālamalama, hoʻonui ka mea lawe photogenerated i ko lākou conductivity a hoʻemi i ko lākou kū'ē. Neʻe nā mea lawe i hoʻonāukiuki ʻia i ka mahana o ka lumi ma ke ʻano kuhikuhi ma lalo o ka hana a kahi kahua uila, a laila e hana ana i kahi au. Ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka mālamalama, hoʻonāukiuki ʻia nā electrons a hana ʻia ka hoʻololi. I ka manawa like, holo lākou ma lalo o ka hana a kahi kahua uila e hana i kahi photocurrent. Hoʻonui nā mea lawe photogenerated hopena i ka conductivity o ka hāmeʻa a pēlā e hoʻemi ai i ke kū'ē. Hōʻike pinepine nā photodetectors photoconductive i ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka pane maikaʻi i ka hana, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pane i nā hōʻailona optical alapine kiʻekiʻe, no laila lohi ka wikiwiki o ka pane, kahi e kaupalena ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea hana photoconductive ma kekahi mau ʻano.

(2)Mea ʻike kiʻi PN
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka photodetector PN ma o ka pilina ma waena o ka mea semiconductor ʻano-P a me ka mea semiconductor ʻano-N. Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka pilina, aia nā mea ʻelua i kahi kūlana ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka pae Fermi ma ka semiconductor ʻano-P kokoke i ka lihi o ke kāʻei valence, ʻoiai ʻo ka pae Fermi ma ka semiconductor ʻano-N kokoke i ka lihi o ke kāʻei conduction. I ka manawa like, hoʻoneʻe mau ʻia ka pae Fermi o ka mea ʻano-N ma ka lihi o ke kāʻei conduction i lalo a hiki i ka pae Fermi o nā mea ʻelua i ke kūlana like. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kūlana o ke kāʻei conduction a me ke kāʻei valence e hele pū ʻia me ke kūlou ʻana o ke kāʻei. Aia ka hui PN ma ke kaulike a he pae Fermi like. Mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka nānā ʻana i ka mea lawe ukana, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea lawe ukana ma nā mea ʻano-P he mau lua, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea lawe ukana ma nā mea ʻano-N he mau electrons. Ke pili nā mea ʻelua, ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka nui o ka mea lawe, e pālahalaha nā electrons ma nā mea ʻano-N i ke ʻano-P, ʻoiai e pālahalaha nā electrons ma nā mea ʻano-N i ke kuhikuhi ʻē aʻe i nā lua. ʻO ka wahi i uku ʻole ʻia i waiho ʻia e ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā electrons a me nā lua e hana i kahi kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia, a e hoʻololi ke kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia i ka drift carrier, a ʻo ke kuhikuhi o ka drift e kū pono ana i ke kuhikuhi o ka diffusion, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ke kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia e pale aku i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea lawe, a aia nā diffusion a me ka drift i loko o ka PN junction a hiki i ke kaulike ʻana o nā ʻano neʻe ʻelua, i ʻole ke kahe o ka mea lawe static. Ke kaulike dynamic kūloko.
Ke hōʻike ʻia ka PN junction i ka radiation māmā, ua hoʻoili ʻia ka ikehu o ka photon i ka mea lawe, a ua hana ʻia ka mea lawe photogenerated, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hui electron-hole photogenerated. Ma lalo o ka hana o ke kahua uila, neʻe ka electron a me ka lua i ka ʻāpana N a me ka ʻāpana P, a ʻo ka directional drift o ka mea lawe photogenerated e hoʻopuka i ke au photocurrent. ʻO kēia ke kumu nui o ka PN junction photodetector.

(3)Mea ʻike kiʻi PIN
ʻO ka pin photodiode kahi mea ʻano P a me ka mea ʻano N ma waena o ka papa I, ʻo ka papa I o ka mea maʻamau he mea intrinsic a i ʻole low-doping. Ua like kona ʻano hana me ka PN junction, i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai ka PIN junction i ka radiation māmā, hoʻoili ka photon i ka ikehu i ka electron, e hana ana i nā mea lawe uku photogenerated, a ʻo ke kahua uila kūloko a i ʻole ke kahua uila waho e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui electron-hole photogenerated i loko o ka papa depletion, a ʻo nā mea lawe uku drifted e hana i kahi au i loko o ke kaapuni waho. ʻO ke kuleana i pāʻani ʻia e ka papa I ʻo ia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka laulā o ka papa depletion, a e lilo loa ka papa I i ka papa depletion ma lalo o kahi voltage bias nui, a e hoʻokaʻawale koke ʻia nā hui electron-hole i hana ʻia, no laila ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pane o ka photodetector PIN junction ma mua o ka mea ʻike PN junction. Hoʻopili pū ʻia nā mea lawe ma waho o ka papa I e ka papa depletion ma o ka neʻe ʻana o ka diffusion, e hana ana i kahi au diffusion. He lahilahi loa ka mānoanoa o ka papa I, a ʻo kona kumu e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wikiwiki o ka pane o ka mea ʻike.

(4)Mea ʻike kiʻi APDphotodiode avalanche
ʻO ke ʻano hana ophotodiode avalancheUa like ia me ke ʻano o ka PN junction. Hoʻohana ka photodetector APD i ka PN junction i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia, nui ka voltage hana e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana o APD, a i ka wā e hoʻohui ʻia ai kahi bias reverse nui, e hana ʻia ka collision ionization a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka avalanche i loko o APD, a hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o ka mea ʻike i ke kahe o ke kiʻi. Ke noho ʻo APD i ke ʻano bias reverse, e ikaika loa ke kahua uila ma ka papa depletion, a e hoʻokaʻawale koke ʻia nā mea lawe photogenerated i hana ʻia e ka mālamalama a holo wikiwiki ma lalo o ka hana o ke kahua uila. Aia kahi hiki ke kuʻi nā electrons i loko o ka lattice i kēia kaʻina hana, e hoʻoulu ai i nā electrons i loko o ka lattice e ionized. Hana hou ʻia kēia kaʻina hana, a kuʻi pū nā ions ionized i loko o ka lattice me ka lattice, e hoʻonui ai i ka helu o nā mea lawe uku i loko o ka APD, e hopena ana i kahi au nui. ʻO kēia ʻano kino kū hoʻokahi i loko o APD i loaʻa i nā mea ʻike e pili ana iā APD nā ʻano o ka wikiwiki pane wikiwiki, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai o kēia manawa nui a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka PN junction a me ka PIN junction, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pane ʻana o APD, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki pane wikiwiki loa i waena o nā paipu photosensitive o kēia manawa.

(5) Mea ʻike kiʻi hui Schottky
ʻO ke ʻano kumu o ka photodetector Schottky junction he diode Schottky, nona nā ʻano uila e like me nā mea o ka PN junction i wehewehe ʻia ma luna, a he conductivity unidirectional me ka conduction maikaʻi a me ka ʻoki hope. Ke hana ka metala me kahi hana hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka semiconductor me kahi hana hana haʻahaʻa i ka pilina, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pale Schottky, a ʻo ka hopena o ka hui ʻana he hui Schottky. ʻO ke ʻano nui he ʻano like me ka PN junction, e lawe ana i nā semiconductors ʻano N ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ke hana nā mea ʻelua i ka pilina, ma muli o nā ʻano electron like ʻole o nā mea ʻelua, e pālahalaha nā electrons i loko o ka semiconductor i ka ʻaoʻao metala. Hōʻiliʻili mau nā electrons diffused ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka metala, a laila e luku ana i ka neutrality uila mua o ka metala, e hana ana i kahi kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia mai ka semiconductor a i ka metala ma ka ʻili pili, a e neʻe nā electrons ma lalo o ka hana o ke kahua uila kūloko, a e hana like ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea lawe a me ka neʻe ʻana, ma hope o kekahi manawa e hiki ai i ke kaulike dynamic, a ma hope e hana i kahi hui Schottky. Ma lalo o nā kūlana mālamalama, hoʻopili pololei ka ʻāpana pale i ka mālamalama a hoʻopuka i nā hui electron-hole, ʻoiai nā mea lawe photogenerated i loko o ka PN junction e pono e hele ma waena o ka ʻāpana diffusion e hiki ai i ka ʻāpana junction. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka PN junction, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pane ʻana o ka photodetector e pili ana i ka Schottky junction, a hiki i ka wikiwiki o ka pane ke hiki i ka pae ns.