ʻO ka laser wikiwiki loa no ka ʻepekema attosecond

Laser wikiwiki loano ka ʻepekema attosecond
I kēia manawa, loaʻa nui nā pulse attosecond ma o ka hanauna harmonic kiʻekiʻe (HHG) i hoʻokele ʻia e nā kahua ikaika. Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano o kā lākou hanauna e like me nā electrons e ionized ʻia, hoʻolalelale ʻia, a hui hou ʻia e kahi kahua uila laser ikaika e hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu, a laila e hoʻopuka ana i nā pulse attosecond XUV.
No laila, ʻike nui ʻia ka hopena attosecond i ka laulā pulse, ka ikehu, ka nalu, a me ka helu hana hou ʻana o kalaser hoʻokele(Laser wikiwiki loa): he mea maikaʻi ka laulā pulse pōkole no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pulse attosecond, hoʻomaikaʻi ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe i ka ionization a me ka pono, hoʻonui ka nalu lōʻihi i ka ikehu cutoff akā hoʻemi nui i ka pono o ka hoʻololi ʻana, a hoʻomaikaʻi ka helu hana hou kiʻekiʻe i ka ratio signal-to-noise akā ua kaupalena ʻia e ka ikehu pulse hoʻokahi. Loaʻa i nā noi like ʻole (e like me ka microscopy electron, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, coincidence counting, etc.) nā koʻikoʻi like ʻole ma ka index pulse attosecond, kahi e hoʻokau nei i nā koi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a piha no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā lasers. He mea nui ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana o nā lasers hoʻokele no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻepekema attosecond.

ʻEhā mau ala ʻenehana koʻikoʻi e hoʻonui ai i ka hana o nā lasers hoʻokele (Ultra fast laser)
1. Ikehu kiʻekiʻe: Hoʻolālā ʻia e lanakila i ka pono hoʻololi haʻahaʻa o HHG a loaʻa i nā pulse attosecond throughput kiʻekiʻe. Ua neʻe ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana mai ka hoʻonui pulse chirped kuʻuna (CPA) i ka ʻohana hoʻonui parametric optical, me ka hoʻonui pulse chirped parametric optical (OPCPA), dual chirped OPA (DC-OPA), frequency domain OPA (FOPA), a me ka quasi phase matching OPCPA (QPCPA). Hoʻohui hou i nā ʻenehana synthesis coherent beam synthesis (CBC) a me ka pulse splitting amplification (DPA) e lanakila ai i nā palena kino o nā amplifiers channel hoʻokahi, e like me nā hopena thermal a me ka hōʻino nonlinear, a hoʻokō i ka hoʻopuka ikehu pae Joule.
2. Ka laulā pulse pōkole: Hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i nā pulse attosecond i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kālailai i nā dynamics uila, e koi ana i nā pulse hoʻokele liʻiliʻi a i ʻole sub periodic a me ka stable carrier envelope phase (CEP). ʻO nā ʻenehana nui e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻopili post nonlinear e like me ka hollow core fiber (HCF), multi thin film (MPSC), a me ka multi-channel cavity (MPC) e hoʻopili i ka laulā pulse i nā lōʻihi pōkole loa. Ana ʻia ke kūpaʻa CEP me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi interferometer f-2f a hoʻokō ʻia ma o ka feedback/feedforward active (e like me AOFS, AOPDF) a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mechanisms passive all-optical self stabilization e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana ʻokoʻa alapine.
3. Ka lōʻihi o ka nalu: Hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻokuke i ka ikehu photon attosecond i ka hui "wai puka makani" no ke kiʻi ʻana i ka biomolecule. ʻO nā ala ʻenehana nui ʻekolu:
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka parametric optical (OPA) a me kona cascade: ʻO ia ka hopena nui ma ka pae nalu 1-5 μ m, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kristal e like me BiBO a me MgO: LN; >Pono nā kristal e like me ZGP a me LiGaS ₂ no ka hui nalu 5 μ m.
ʻO ka Differential Frequency Generation (DFG) a me ka Intra Pulse Differential Frequency (IPDFG): hiki ke hāʻawi i nā kumu hua me ka paʻa CEP passive.
ʻO ka ʻenehana laser pololei, e like me ka Cr: ZnS/Se transition metal doped chalcogenide lasers, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "mid infrared titanium sapphire" a he mau pono o ka hoʻonohonoho paʻa a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe.
4. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hana hou ʻana: e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka lakio hōʻailona-a-walaʻau a me ka pono o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā palena o nā hopena hoʻouku ākea. ʻElua ala nui:
ʻO ka ʻenehana lua i hoʻonui ʻia e ka resonance: me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lua resonant kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui i ka mana kiʻekiʻe o nā pulse alapine repetitive pae megahertz e hoʻokele i ka HHG, ua hoʻohana ʻia ma nā kahua e like me nā combs alapine XUV, akā ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā pulse attosecond i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kumu nei i nā pilikia.
Ka nui o ka hana hou ʻana a melaser mana kiʻekiʻeʻO ka hoʻokele pololei, me OPCPA, fiber CPA i hui pū ʻia me ka nonlinear post compression, a me ka oscillator kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi, ua hoʻokō i ka hanauna pulse attosecond i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma kahi helu hana hou o 100 kHz.