ʻO ka ʻenehana kumu laser no ka ʻike ʻana i ka fiber optical Māhele ʻEkahi

ʻO ka ʻenehana kumu laser noʻili ʻike makaʻIke ʻana i ka Māhele ʻEkahi

ʻO ka ʻenehana ʻike fiber optical kahi ʻano ʻenehana ʻike i hoʻomohala ʻia me ka ʻenehana fiber optical a me ka ʻenehana kamaʻilio fiber optical, a ua lilo ia i hoʻokahi o nā lālā hana nui o ka ʻenehana photoelectric. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana ʻike fiber optical ka mea nui i haku ʻia me ka laser, fiber hoʻoili, mea ʻike a i ʻole ka wahi modulation, ka ʻike kukui a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā palena e wehewehe ana i nā ʻano o ka nalu māmā e pili ana i ka ikaika, ka nalu, ka pae, ke kūlana polarization, a pēlā aku. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau palena e nā mana o waho i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka fiber optical. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hoʻopilikia ai ka mahana, ke kaumaha, ke kaomi, ke au, ka neʻe ʻana, ka haʻalulu, ka hoʻohuli ʻana, ke kūlou ʻana a me ka nui kemika i ke ala optical, e loli like kēia mau palena. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻike fiber optical ma ka pilina ma waena o kēia mau palena a me nā mea o waho e ʻike i nā nui kino like.

Nui nā ʻano okumu laserhoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana ʻike fiber optical, hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia i ʻelua mau māhele: coherentnā kumu lasera me nā kumu kukui kūlike ʻole, kūlike ʻolenā kumu kukuiʻo ka hapa nui e hoʻokomo i ka mālamalama incandescent a me nā diode hoʻomāmā kukui, a ʻo nā kumu kukui kūlike e komo pū me nā lasers paʻa, nā lasers wai, nā lasers kinoea,laser semiconductora melaser fiberʻO kēia ka mea nui no kakumu kukui laserhoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke kahua o ka ʻike ʻana i ka fiber i nā makahiki i hala iho nei: ka laser hoʻokahi alapine (frequency) ākea o ka laina haiki, ka laser sweep frequency hoʻokahi nalu a me ka laser keʻokeʻo.

1.1 Nā koi no ka laulā laina haikinā kumu kukui laser

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻōnaehana ʻike fiber optical mai ke kumu laser, ʻoiai ke ana ʻia o ka nalu kukui lawe hōʻailona, ​​​​ka hana o ke kumu kukui laser ponoʻī, e like me ke kūpaʻa o ka mana, ka laina laina laser, ka walaʻau pae a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ma ka mamao ʻike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike fiber optical, ka pololei o ka ʻike ʻana, ka ʻike a me nā ʻano walaʻau e pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana ʻike fiber optical hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe loa, ua kau aku nā kula a me nā ʻoihana i nā koi koʻikoʻi no ka hana linewidth o ka miniaturization laser, ʻo ia hoʻi: hoʻohana ka ʻenehana ʻike alapine optical (OFDR) i ka ʻenehana ʻike coherent e kālailai i nā hōʻailona hoʻopuehu backrayleigh o nā fiber optical i loko o ke alapine, me kahi uhi ākea (mau tausani mika). ʻO nā pono o ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe (hoʻonā pae milimita) a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike (a hiki i -100 dBm) ua lilo i hoʻokahi o nā ʻenehana me nā manaʻolana noi ākea i ka ana ʻana o ka fiber optical i hoʻolaha ʻia a me ka ʻenehana ʻike. ʻO ke kumu o ka ʻenehana OFDR ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu kukui tunable e hoʻokō i ka hoʻonohonoho alapine optical, no laila ʻo ka hana o ke kumu laser e hoʻoholo i nā mea nui e like me ka laulā ʻike OFDR, ka ʻike a me ka hoʻonā. Ke kokoke ka mamao o ke kiko hoʻohāliʻi i ka lōʻihi o ke kūlike, e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ikaika o ka hōʻailona kuʻi e ka coefficient τ/τc. No kahi kumu kukui Gaussian me ke ʻano spectral, i mea e hōʻoia ai he ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻana o ke alapine kuʻi ma mua o 90%, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka laulā laina o ke kumu kukui a me ka lōʻihi ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa e hiki ai i ka ʻōnaehana ke hoʻokō ʻo Lmax ~ 0.04vg/f, ʻo ia hoʻi no kahi fiber me ka lōʻihi o 80 km, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka laulā laina o ke kumu kukui ma mua o 100 Hz. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokau pū ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā noi ʻē aʻe i nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka linewidth o ke kumu kukui. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hydrophone fiber optical, ʻo ka linewidth o ke kumu kukui e hoʻoholo i ka walaʻau o ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻoholo pū i ka hōʻailona hiki ke ana ʻia o ka ʻōnaehana. Ma ka Brillouin optical time domain reflector (BOTDR), ʻo ka hoʻonā ana o ka mahana a me ke kaumaha e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ka linewidth o ke kumu kukui. I loko o kahi gyro fiber optic resonator, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka coherence o ka nalu māmā ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka laulā laina o ke kumu māmā, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka fineness a me ka hohonu resonance o ka resonator, e hōʻemi ana i ka laulā laina o ka resonator, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka pololei o ke ana ʻana o ka gyro fiber optic.

1.2 Nā koi no nā kumu laser sweep

Loaʻa i ka laser sweep wavelength hoʻokahi ka hana hoʻonohonoho wavelength maʻalahi, hiki ke pani i nā lasers wavelength paʻa he nui, e hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana, he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike fiber optical. No ka laʻana, i ka ʻike fiber gas trace, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano kinoea like ʻole i nā piko omo kinoea. I mea e hōʻoia ai i ka pono o ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama i ka wā e lawa ai ke kinoea ana a loaʻa ka ʻike ana kiʻekiʻe, pono e hoʻohālikelike i ka wavelength o ke kumu kukui hoʻoili me ka piko omo o ka mole kinoea. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kinoea i hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ka wavelength o ke kumu kukui ʻike. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ana ʻana o nā lasers linewidth haiki me ka hana hoʻonohonoho broadband paʻa i kēlā mau ʻōnaehana ʻike. No ka laʻana, i kekahi mau ʻōnaehana ʻike fiber optical i hoʻolaha ʻia e pili ana i ka optical frequency domain reflection, pono e hoʻopili koke ʻia ka laser i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻokō ai i ka ʻike pololei a me ka demodulation o nā hōʻailona optical, no laila he kiʻekiʻe nā koi o ka modulation rate o ke kumu laser, a ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka sweep o ka laser hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e pono ai e hiki i ka 10 pm/μs. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia ka laser linewidth narrow adjustable wavelength i ka liDAR, laser remote sensing a me ka high-resolution spectral analysis a me nā kahua sensing ʻē aʻe. I mea e hoʻokō ai i nā koi o nā ʻōkuhi hana kiʻekiʻe o ka bandwidth tuning, ka pololei o ka tuning a me ka wikiwiki o ka tuning o nā lasers single-wavelength i ke kahua o ka fiber sensing, ʻo ka pahuhopu holoʻokoʻa o ke aʻo ʻana i nā lasers fiber narrow-width tunable i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ia ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka tuning kiʻekiʻe i kahi laulā wavelength nui aʻe ma ke kumu o ka hahai ʻana i ka linewidth laser ultra-narrow, ka walaʻau pae ultra-low, a me ka pinepine a me ka mana hoʻopuka ultra-stable.

1.3 Koi no ke kumu kukui laser keʻokeʻo

Ma ke kahua o ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike maka, he mea nui ka laser kukui keʻokeʻo kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO ka laulā o ka uhi spectrum o ka laser kukui keʻokeʻo, ʻoi aku ka laulā o kāna noi i ka ʻōnaehana ʻike fiber optical. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka fiber Bragg grating (FBG) e kūkulu i kahi pūnaewele sensor, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka loiloi spectral a i ʻole ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike kānana hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia no ka demodulation. Ua hoʻohana ka mea mua i kahi spectrometer e hoʻāʻo pololei i kēlā me kēia nalu resonant FBG i loko o ka pūnaewele. Hoʻohana ka mea hope i kahi kānana kuhikuhi e hahai a hoʻoponopono i ka FBG i loko o ka ʻike ʻana, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua e pono ai kahi kumu kukui broadband ma ke ʻano he kumu kukui hoʻāʻo no ka FBG. No ka mea, e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pūnaewele komo FBG kahi pohō hoʻokomo, a he bandwidth oi aku ma mua o 0.1 nm, ʻo ka demodulation like ʻana o nā FBG he nui e pono ai kahi kumu kukui broadband me ka mana kiʻekiʻe a me ka bandwidth kiʻekiʻe. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka grating fiber lōʻihi (LPFG) no ka ʻike ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ka bandwidth o kahi piko pohō hoʻokahi ma ke ʻano o 10 nm, pono kahi kumu kukui spectrum ākea me ka bandwidth lawa a me ka spectrum pālahalaha e wehewehe pono i kona mau ʻano piko resonant. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, hiki i ka grating fiber acoustic (AIFG) i kūkulu ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena acousto-optical ke hoʻokō i kahi laulā tuning o ka wavelength resonant a hiki i 1000 nm ma o ke ʻano o ka tuning uila. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka grating dynamic me ia ʻano laulā tuning ultra-wide he pilikia nui ia i ka laulā bandwidth o kahi kumu kukui spectrum ākea. Pēlā nō, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka grating fiber Bragg tilted ma ke kahua o ka ʻike fiber. Ma muli o kona mau ʻano spectrum pohō multi-peak, hiki i ka laulā hoʻolaha wavelength ke hiki i 40 nm. ʻO kāna ʻano ʻike maʻamau ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka neʻe pili ma waena o nā piko hoʻoili he nui, no laila pono e ana piha i kāna spectrum hoʻoili. Pono e kiʻekiʻe ka bandwidth a me ka mana o ke kumu kukui spectrum ākea.

2. Ke kūlana noiʻi ma ka home a ma waho

2.1 Kumu kukui laser laina haiki

2.1.1 Laser manaʻo hoʻolaha semiconductor linewidth haiki

I ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻemi ʻo Cliche et al. i ka unahi MHz o ka semiconductorKukuna DFB(laser manaʻo hoʻolaha) i ka pālākiō kHz me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano manaʻo uila; I ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻohana ʻo Kessler et al. i ka mahana haʻahaʻa a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka lua kristal hoʻokahi i hui pū ʻia me ka mana manaʻo hana e loaʻa ai ka puka laser linewidth ultra-narrow o 40 MHz; I ka makahiki 2013, ua loaʻa iā Peng et al kahi puka laser semiconductor me ka linewidth o 15 kHz ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono manaʻo waho ʻo Fabry-Perot (FP). ʻO ke ʻano manaʻo uila i hoʻohana nui i ka manaʻo hoʻopaʻa pinepine Pond-Drever-Hall e hoʻemi i ka linewidth laser o ke kumu kukui. I ka makahiki 2010, ua hana ʻo Bernhardi et al. i 1 cm o ka erbium-doped alumina FBG ma kahi substrate silicon oxide e loaʻa ai kahi puka laser me ka laulā laina ma kahi o 1.7 kHz. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ʻo Liang et al. ua hoʻohana i ka manaʻo hoʻokomo ponoʻī o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o Rayleigh i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi resonator paia echo kiʻekiʻe-Q no ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka laulā laina laser semiconductor, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1, a ua loaʻa hope kahi hopena laser laulā laina haiki o 160 Hz.

Kiʻi 1 (a) Kiʻikuhi o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka laina laser semiconductor ma muli o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o Rayleigh ponoʻī o ka resonator ʻano hāwanawana waho;
(b) Ke alapine (frequency spectrum) o ka laser semiconductor holo manuahi me ka laulā o 8 MHz;
(c) ʻO ke alapine (frequency spectrum) o ka laser me ka linewidth i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i 160 Hz
2.1.2 Laser fiber linewidth haiki

No nā lasers fiber cavity linear, loaʻa ka puka laser linewidth haiki o ke ʻano longitudinal hoʻokahi ma ka hoʻopōkole ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka resonator a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa mode longitudinal. I ka makahiki 2004, ua loaʻa iā Spiegelberg et al. kahi puka laser linewidth haiki mode longitudinal hoʻokahi me ka linewidth o 2 kHz ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano cavity pōkole DBR. I ka makahiki 2007, ua hoʻohana ʻo Shen et al. i kahi fiber silicon doped erbium-doped 2 cm e kākau iā FBG ma kahi fiber photosensitive Bi-Ge co-doped, a hoʻohui iā ia me kahi fiber hana e hana i kahi lua linear compact, e hoʻolilo ana i ka laulā laina output laser ma lalo o 1 kHz. I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻohana ʻo Yang et al. i kahi lua linear pōkole doped kiʻekiʻe 2cm i hui pū ʻia me kahi kānana FBG narrowband e loaʻa ai kahi puka laser mode longitudinal hoʻokahi me ka laulā laina ma lalo o 2 kHz. I ka makahiki 2014, ua hoʻohana ka hui i kahi lua linear pōkole (resonator apo i pelu ʻia) i hui pū ʻia me kahi kānana FBG-FP e loaʻa ai kahi puka laser me ka laulā laina haiki, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3. I ka makahiki 2012, ua hoʻohana ʻo Cai et al. i kahi ʻano lua pōkole 1.4cm e loaʻa ai kahi puka laser polarizing me ka mana puka ʻoi aku ma mua o 114 mW, kahi nalu waena o 1540.3 nm, a me ka laulā laina o 4.1 kHz. I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻohana ʻo Meng et al. i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o Brillouin o ka fiber erbium-doped me kahi lua apo pōkole o kahi mea mālama piha-bias e loaʻa ai kahi ʻano laser walaʻau haʻahaʻa-phase hoʻokahi me ka mana puka o 10 mW. I ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻohana ka hui i kahi lua apo i haku ʻia me ka fiber erbium-doped 45 cm ma ke ʻano he medium loaʻa hoʻopuehu ʻana o Brillouin e loaʻa ai kahi paepae haʻahaʻa a me ka puka laser linewidth haiki.

Kiʻi 2 (a) Kiʻi hoʻolālā o ka laser fiber SLC;
(b) ʻAno laina o ka hōʻailona heterodyne i ana ʻia me ka lohi fiber 97.6 km