Mea lithium niobate ʻili lahilahi a me ka modulator lithium niobate ʻili lahilahi

Nā pono a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka lithium niobate ʻili lahilahi i ka ʻenehana photon microwave i hoʻohui ʻia

ʻenehana photon microwaveLoaʻa iā ia nā pono o ka bandwidth hana nui, ka hiki ke hana like like a me ka nalowale hoʻoili haʻahaʻa, kahi e hiki ai ke uhaʻi i ka bottleneck loea o ka ʻōnaehana microwave kuʻuna a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o nā lako ʻike uila koa e like me ka radar, ke kaua uila, ke kamaʻilio a me ke ana a me ka kaohi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana photon microwave e pili ana i nā mea hana discrete he mau pilikia e like me ka nui o ka nui, ke kaumaha kaumaha a me ka paʻa ʻole, kahi e kaupalena nui ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻenehana photon microwave ma nā kahua mokulele a me nā mokulele. No laila, ke lilo nei ka ʻenehana photon microwave i hoʻohui ʻia i mea kākoʻo koʻikoʻi e uhaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka photon microwave i ka ʻōnaehana ʻike uila koa a hāʻawi i ka pāʻani piha i nā pono o ka ʻenehana photon microwave.

I kēia manawa, ua lilo ka ʻenehana hoʻohui photonic SI-based a me ka ʻenehana hoʻohui photonic INP-based i mea oʻo aʻe ma hope o nā makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kahua o ke kamaʻilio optical, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā huahana he nui i ka mākeke. Eia nō naʻe, no ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka microwave photon, aia kekahi mau pilikia i kēia mau ʻano ʻelua o nā ʻenehana hoʻohui photon: no ka laʻana, ʻo ka coefficient electro-optical nonlinear o Si modulator a me InP modulator e kūʻē i ka linearity kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano dynamic nui i alualu ʻia e ka ʻenehana microwave photon; No ka laʻana, ʻo ka silicon optical switch e hoʻomaopopo ana i ka optical path switching, inā paha ma muli o ka hopena thermal-optical, ka hopena piezoelectric, a i ʻole ka hopena dispersion injection carrier, loaʻa nā pilikia o ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi lohi, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ka scan beam wikiwiki a me nā noi microwave photon nui.

ʻO Lithium niobate ka koho mua loa no ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻemodulation electro-opticnā mea hana ma muli o kona hopena electro-optic linear maikaʻi loa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka lithium niobate kuʻunamea hoʻololi electro-opticalHana ʻia ia me ka mea kristal lithium niobate nui, a nui loa ka nui o ka hāmeʻa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i nā pono o ka ʻenehana photon microwave i hoʻohui ʻia. Pehea e hoʻohui ai i nā mea lithium niobate me ka coefficient electro-optical linear i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ʻenehana photon microwave i hoʻohui ʻia ua lilo ia i pahuhopu o nā mea noiʻi pili. I ka makahiki 2018, ua hōʻike mua kahi hui noiʻi mai ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka ʻenehana hoʻohui photonic e pili ana i ka lithium niobate kiʻi lahilahi ma Nature, no ka mea, he mau pono ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe, ka bandwidth modulation electro-optical nui, a me ka linearity kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena electro-optical, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ʻia ai, ua hoʻoulu koke ia i ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻoihana a me ka ʻoihana ma ke kahua o ka hoʻohui photonic a me ka microwave photonics. Mai ka manaʻo o ka noi microwave photon, ua nānā kēia pepa i ka mana a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana hoʻohui photon e pili ana i ka lithium niobate kiʻi lahilahi ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana photon microwave.

Mea lithium niobate ʻili lahilahi a me ka ʻili lahilahimea hoʻololi lithium niobate
I nā makahiki ʻelua i hala iho nei, ua puka mai kahi ʻano mea lithium niobate hou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni lithium niobate mai ka kristal lithium niobate nui ma ke ʻano o ka "ion slicing" a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wafer Si me kahi papa buffer silica e hana i ka mea LNOI (LiNbO3-On-Insulator) [5], i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mea lithium niobate kiʻi lahilahi ma kēia pepa. Hiki ke kahakaha ʻia nā waveguides Ridge me ke kiʻekiʻe o 100 nanometers ma nā mea lithium niobate kiʻi lahilahi ma o ke kaʻina hana etching maloʻo i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa refractive index maikaʻi o nā waveguides i hoʻokumu ʻia hiki ke piʻi aʻe ma mua o 0.8 (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ʻokoʻa refractive index o nā waveguides lithium niobate kuʻuna o 0.02), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1. ʻO ka waveguide i kaupalena ikaika ʻia e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kahua mālamalama me ke kahua microwave i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i ka modulator. No laila, he mea maikaʻi ke hoʻokō i ka voltage hapalua nalu haʻahaʻa a me ka bandwidth modulation nui aʻe i kahi lōʻihi pōkole.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka waveguide submicron lithium niobate pohō haʻahaʻa e uhaʻi i ka bottleneck o ke voltage hoʻokele kiʻekiʻe o ka modulator electro-optic lithium niobate kuʻuna. Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka mamao o ka electrode i ~ 5 μm, a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka overlap ma waena o ke kahua uila a me ke kahua ʻano optical, a ua emi ka vπ ·L mai ka 20 V·cm a i lalo o 2.8 V·cm. No laila, ma lalo o ka voltage hapalua nalu like, hiki ke hoʻemi nui ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka hāmeʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka modulator kuʻuna. I ka manawa like, ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā palena o ka laulā, ka mānoanoa a me ka manawa o ka electrode nalu huakaʻi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, hiki i ka modulator ke loaʻa ka hiki o ka bandwidth modulation ultra-kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 100 GHz.

Kiʻi 1 (a) ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻano i helu ʻia a me (b) ke kiʻi o ka ʻāpana kea o ke alakaʻi nalu LN

Kiʻi 2 (a) ʻO ke alakaʻi nalu a me ke ʻano electrode a me (b) coreplate o ka LN modulator

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā modulators lithium niobate kiʻi lahilahi me nā modulators kalepa lithium niobate kuʻuna, nā modulators silicon-based a me nā modulators indium phosphide (InP) a me nā modulators electro-optical wikiwiki ʻē aʻe e kū nei, ʻo nā palena nui o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana:
(1) Hua hoʻonui volt-lōʻihi hapalua nalu (vπ ·L, V·cm), ke ana ʻana i ka pono modulation o ka modulator, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka waiwai, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pono modulation;
(2) 3 dB modulation bandwidth (GHz), e ana ana i ka pane o ka modulator i ka modulation alapine kiʻekiʻe;
(3) ʻO ka pohō hoʻokomo optical (dB) ma ka ʻāpana modulation. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka papa ʻaina he mau pono maopopo ko ka modulator lithium niobate kiʻi lahilahi i ka bandwidth modulation, ka voltage hapalua nalu, ka pohō interpolation optical a pēlā aku.

ʻO Silicon, ma ke ʻano he kihi o ka optoelectronics i hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻomohala ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa, ua oʻo ke kaʻina hana, ua kūpono kona miniaturization i ka hoʻohui nui ʻana o nā mea hana/passive, a ua aʻo nui ʻia kāna modulator ma ke kahua o ke kamaʻilio optical. ʻO ke ʻano modulation electro-optical o ka silicon ka mea nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka mea lawe, ka injection mea lawe a me ka hōʻiliʻili mea lawe. I waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka bandwidth o ka modulator me ka linear degree carrier depletion mechanism, akā no ka mea e pili ana ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke kahua optical me ka ʻole o ke ʻano like o ka ʻāpana depletion, e hoʻolauna kēia hopena i ka distortion lua-kauoha nonlinear a me nā huaʻōlelo distortion intermodulation ʻekolu-kauoha, i hui pū ʻia me ka hopena absorption o ka mea lawe ma ke kukui, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka amplitude modulation optical a me ka distortion hōʻailona.

Loaʻa i ka modulator InP nā hopena electro-optical koʻikoʻi, a hiki i ka hoʻonohonoho lua quantum multi-layer ke hoʻokō i nā modulators voltage hoʻokele haʻahaʻa a me ka wikiwiki me Vπ·L a hiki i ka 0.156V · mm. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka loli o ka index refractive me ke kahua uila e komo pū me nā huaʻōlelo linear a me nonlinear, a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ikaika o ke kahua uila e hoʻomaopopo i ka hopena kauoha lua. No laila, pono nā modulators electro-optic silicon a me InP e hoʻopili i ka bias e hana i ka pn junction ke hana lākou, a e lawe mai ka pn junction i ka pohō absorption i ka mālamalama. Eia nō naʻe, he liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka modulator o kēia mau mea ʻelua, ʻo ka nui o ka modulator InP kalepa he 1/4 o ka LN modulator. ʻO ka pono modulation kiʻekiʻe, kūpono no nā pūnaewele hoʻoili optical digital density kiʻekiʻe a me ka mamao pōkole e like me nā kikowaena ʻikepili. ʻO ka hopena electro-optical o ka lithium niobate ʻaʻohe ʻano absorption kukui a me ka pohō haʻahaʻa, kūpono ia no ka lōʻihi o ka coherent mamao.kamaʻilio ʻike makame ka mana nui a me ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. I ka noi photon microwave, ʻo nā coefficients electro-optical o Si a me InP he nonlinear, ʻaʻole kūpono ia no ka ʻōnaehana photon microwave e alualu ana i ka linearity kiʻekiʻe a me nā dynamics nui. He kūpono loa ka mea lithium niobate no ka noi photon microwave ma muli o kona coefficient modulation electro-optic linear piha.